History SBA Guidelines - 2091 Words

GRAYDON SEALY SECONDARY SCHOOL GENERAL STUDIES DEPARTMENT HISTORY Guidelines for the Completion of Caribbean History SBA ⠝â€" Please note that the guidelines that follow are to assist youÍ ¾ therefore, they should be followed. However, if you are unclear about anything pertaining to what you have to do, it is your responsibility to seek the necessary assistance from your subject teacher. CXC Caribbean History Examination Outline The CXC History Paper consists of three parts: 1. Paper 1 ­ Multiple Choice (Questions will be chosen from the Core) 2. Paper 2 – Essay Type Questions (2 Questions will be set on the NINE themes. You are required to ANSWER THREE QUESTIONS, ONE FROM THE THREE THEMES†¦show more content†¦Unknown (2003) stated that sugar could only be profitable if grown on a large scale. E.g. Slater (n.d.) highlighted the increase in the black population as being the result of the large importation of enslaved Africans to meet the labour demands on the sugar plantations. Using a Bibliography When doing research, you must also cite the sources that you used in a bibliography. All sources must be listed in alphabetical order. ⠝â€" Citing Books in a Bibliography ­ Author/s. year of publication. Title of source. Place of publication: Name of publishers. Eg .  ­ Claypole, W., Robottom, John. Caribbean Story (New Edition), England: Longman Caribbean 1981 Citing Online Sources in a Bibliography ­ Contributors names (Last edited date). Title of resource. Retrieved from (place web address here) Eg.  ­ Brizee, A. (2010, May 5).The Appearance of the Arawaks. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ CARIBBEAN EXAMINATION COUNCIL CARIBBEAN HISTORY SCHOOL BASED ASSESMENT 2014 Name: Emmanuel Sighn Candidate #: 03001210111 School code: 030012 Topic: What was the impact of the sugar revolution on the social, economic and political th landscape of the British West Indies in the latter half of the 17 century? SBA TOPIC 1. Show how the sugar revolution impacted the social, economic and political landscape of the British th West Indian (BWI)Show MoreRelatedCensorship As A Multi Million Dollar Market942 Words   |  4 Pagescontrols the media, controls the mind. With the power to dictate what information an individual is allowed and not allowed to access, comes also the power to mould a society to whatever belief system that is desired. Advertising which has a rich history that can be traced back to early cave paintings, is a medium for persuasion and is often used by businesses and organisations to promote their products and ideas. Advertising being a multi-million dollar market for promoting a wide array of ideasRead MoreBenefits Of A Green Company Essay1935 Words   |  8 Pagesalthough businesses are going â€Å"green† they may or may not be making a positive impact on the environment or that the company will be as successful or more successful than other companies who are not considere d green. 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Today, however, daily investments are made by individuals through the Internet as online trading continues to remain one of societys most popular ventures. These are some highlights and history of selling online. And now, lets know more about THE PROCESS OF E-BUSINESS. Discussion/Body I. Choose Your Desired Business A. Your Own Interest Do what you love. When you are going to conduct your own business, you must consider your ownRead MoreEssay on Cango3175 Words   |  13 Pagesspecifically integrating an online gaming system. The subsequent counsel for CanGo is to initiate a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis. This action is necessary because the establishment possess no tangible operational history; due to the fact that the CEO admitted that success was the result of luck. 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Boycotts, Sanctions and Embargoes Free Essays

string(205) " rule to bear as embargoes such as expulsion from world sporting events and the calls for boycotts of the consumer goods meant that South Africa was slowly drifting away from the international community \." Boycotts, sanctions and embargoes have been used for a very long time by the government to maintain social order. Although their use is characterized by lack of democracy, autocratic leaderships as well as dictatorial leaderships, the three terms have come to be recognized as international tools of dealing with rogue nations especially when such are applied by the international community through world recognized bodies such as the UN. While boycotts refer to the act of desisting from using a certain product of engaging in relationship with a given organization or individual it may also be applied to individuals such as presidents and political leaders as a means of coercing such to comply with the given code of conduct . We will write a custom essay sample on Boycotts, Sanctions and Embargoes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Boycotts, sanctions and embargoes as applied to South Africa during the apartheid era were used as tools of suppressing the apartheid rule to recognize the rights of the blacks in South Africa. Boycotts, sanctions and embargoes are only effective if there is international solidarity on the dimension on which they can be applied. For such tools can never be effective if applied in small proportions. Beginning in the late 1960s throughout to the early 1990s the international community put pressure on the apartheid rule in South Africa to recognize the rights of the blacks in South Africa. The successive handover of independence to South Africans can be partly attributed to the effectiveness of the boycotts, sanctions and embargoes. The history of boycotts, sanctions and embargoes can be traced back to the 1700s with colonial boycotts of British trade goods during the colonization of America by the Britains . In the 1800 boycotts were evident and were successfully used as a tool to fight slave trade when different nations such as France, the Balkans and the Americas called for their population to boycott and resist from buying goods or products originating from slave fields . This led to the colonial masters to understand the dissent and dislike of slave trade as a practice. This amongst other factors can be used to explain the eventual abolishment of slave trade in late 18th century. Boycotts were used by the anti-apartheid movement in two folds, either as a threat or an actual action aimed at eliciting the desired reaction from the apartheid rule to hasten the hand over of independence to South Africa . The pervasive nature of the boycotts made the boycotts to be viewed by the apartheid movement as one of the effective tools in that whenever boycotts were called either from the international community or by the south Africans themselves it would deal a big blow to the smooth functioning of the apartheid government. This was the desired effect on the government given the ability of boycotts to disrupt the normal functioning of government. For instance, the South African apartheid government depended on exports of products such as gold, diamond and uranium and therefore successful boycotts meant that the apartheid government would be denied the much-needed income to carry on its governance issues . Boycotts were so effective in South Africa such that they are classified as one of the greatest factors which led to the fall of the apartheid regime considering the fact that South Africa relied on export of its goods to earn foreign exchange. The anti-apartheid in South Africa played a critical role in ensuring that the boycotts received international recognition hence the reason why much of the campaigning was directed towards achieving official state sponsored international support. International anti-apartheid movement as it applied to South Africa was founded on tenets such as the belief in the right of every human being to fundamental right to freedom, self-rule, the right to every state to be independent, the right to recognition and upholding of every people’s culture and beliefs as well as the social and moral responsibility of the international community to fight apartheid irrespective of who practices it or who perpetrates it. The above tenets formed the basis for the international anti-apartheid movement and were consequential in the subsequent defeat of apartheid in South Africa. International solidarity is manifested in the ability of nations of the world to join together and advocate for a common goal . In regard to an apartheid movement in South Africa solidarity was demonstrated in sanctions and embargoes enforced by the international community to fight apartheid. In that sense the international community shows the intention to decapitate the legal framework with apartheid rule upholds as a means of sustaining the economic dominance over people. In the case of South Africa the Boers segregated Africa by making sure that the quality of education they received was insufficient to guarantee them good position in the labour market . This greatly relegated the natives to abject poverty in that they were economically not a match to the Boers. Apart from denial of access to education, the native South Africans were denied equal opportunities even in situations whereby they possessed equal qualifications to those of the whites. In addition, the apartheid rule dictated where the Africans could own property as well as what kind of trade they could conduct. This meant that economically, the Africans were at a disadvantage. At the policy level all policies were biased against the Africans and this meant that it was very hard for them to achieve the economic independence required to wage any meaningful ‘war’ against the mighty white rule. This shows how the Africans were incapable of successfully fighting apartheid on their own. Without international solidarity as demonstrated in the international apartheid movement the native South Africans would not have achieved independence. Where the Africans lacked the economic power to fight apartheid, the international community showed solidarity by enforcing sanctions, which would greatly reduce the white’s economic prowess . Pressure from the international community led to the call of boycotts and expulsion of South Africa from participating in the international sporting events . This was too much for the apartheid rule to bear as embargoes such as expulsion from world sporting events and the calls for boycotts of the consumer goods meant that South Africa was slowly drifting away from the international community . You read "Boycotts, Sanctions and Embargoes" in category "Papers" Even before the official handover of independence to the South Africans the impact of the international community intervention was evident and by 1985 the apartheid rule started doing away with some apartheid practices such as forced ejections from homes, classification based on colour, as well as the denial of equal opportunities . As the internal resistance waged by the South Africans through their umbrella party ANC sufficed international relations worsened as the sanctions, embargoes and boycotts were unbearable to the apartheid rule. The support from the international community accorded to the native South Africans acted as a morale booster and as a result the native South Africans took the fight against apartheid a note higher as all social groups took to the fight. As a result of international solidarity in calling of the eradication of apartheid in south Africa, the natives regained confidence and the fight against apartheid changed tactics from confrontational needs to more subtle means such as freedom songs, as well as the use of black owned media to produce films which called for the end to apartheid . In the contemporary society international solidarity contributes largely to political struggle. This takes other forms other than embargoes, boycotts and sanctions for instance, international recognition of democratically elected governments. For example, in the present day Somalia, it is the leadership, which gains international support, which enjoys credence and credibility. For instance, the Islam court government could not successfully lead in Somalia because it lacked the support of the international community. International solidarity calling for the recognition of the democratically elected leadership lead to the ousting of the Islam courts’ led government barely six months after it had seized power from yet another leadership; the tribal led government. The case of Somalia clearly shows that international solidarity can play a role in winning struggles not only the struggle against apartheid but also other struggles against terrorism, colonialism as well as dictatorial regimes. However, there is a need for caution in how the international community plays its role when it comes to intervention in conflict situations. There is evidence that most international actions are informed by the leadership of specific groups as opposed to being informed by the need for impartiality, fairness and the observation of international law. The moment international community degenerates into a tool for certain groups in the struggle, the effectiveness of the international community to fight against oppression of a given people whether in apartheid, colonial or occupation. The international community should base their support on any given group on merit but not other factors such as on the basis of friendship with the leadership of a given struggle movement. The international community has in the past made grave mistakes by supporting struggle leaders who later turned out to be no better than the oppressive powers. This can be clearly demonstrated in the case of leaders who have taken over from dictatorial regimes with the full support of the community only to turn out to be worse than the ousted regimes. For the official leadership of any struggle to receive international support, it must clearly demonstrate its ability to end aggression once it takes power. Such official leadership must have put in place proper mechanism to deal with issues of poor governance, which often lead to difficulties in leadership once such a struggle movement, takes power. It is therefore paramount that the international community serves the role of a mediator rather than actively being involved in the political activities in any given struggle. Sanctions, boycotts and arms embargoes have been criticized for going in contravention of freedom and autonomy of states especially in cases whereby the sanctions, boycotts and embargoes are imposed on independent sates for reasons ranging from; failure to honor some demands by donors which may not be in the best interest of such nations or in other cases where embargoes, sanctions and boycotts are solely motivated by the need to exert influence over a regime which has fallen out of touch with the wishes of western powers. For instance, the world is currently witnessing a situation whereby there is a tendency by the United States of America to endorse boycotts and sanctions to nations which fail to support it or collaborate with it on fronts such as the war against terrorism. This leads to questions on how appropriate it is for the United States of America and other developed Nations to dictate to independent nations on how they can handle their internal affairs. For example, the sanctions imposed on Iran solely on grounds that, the country is developing weapons of mass destruction are a clear indication of how sanctions, boycotts and embargoes can be imposed at will by the powerful nations to the detriment of militarily and economically weaker nations. This has been a cause of tensions in the Middle East region and it threatens to get worse and spill into an international conflict. Embargoes lead to the suffering of citizens whose country is brought under sanctions. In addition, embargoes, sanctions and boycotts increase vulnerability for such a country to face external attacks if arms embargoes are imposed. The above clearly demonstrate that, in as much as sanctions, embargoes and boycotts are useful in containing the capacity of dictatorial regimes, apartheid regimes and rebel movements, if not well regulated, they can lead to atrocities against the people they are meant to protect or liberate. Where sanctions, embargoes and boycotts are imposed haphazardly, citizens suffer. In addition, the countries under arms embargoes become more vulnerable to attacks. In addition sanctions, arms embargoes, and boycotts can lead to heightened regional and international relations characterized by tensions. There is a need to de-emphasize the use of sanctions and embargoes and concentrate on other methods of intervention in times of crisis. While sanctions, embargoes and boycotts can create an opportunity for abuse of human rights, abuse of independence of states and unnecessary interference in the running of internal affairs of independent countries, other alternatives such as negotiations can work marvelously and cause less undesired effects. In addition, an alternative such as diplomacy is les expensive to implement in the long run. Diplomacy is usually given a wide support by nations of the world compared to sanctions, boycotts and embargoes. For instance, although there are sanctions in place against the current regime in Zimbabwe specifically targeting the leadership of President Robert Mugambe, not every nation in the world supports the measure as some countries like China have gone ahead with healthy trade ties with Robert Mugambe. This clearly indicates that, sanctions are not always ideal and must only be applied selectively as opposed to being applied blatantly. In conclusion, it is clear from the discussion above that international intervention in form of enforcing boycotts, sanctions and embargoes against the apartheid rule in South Africa was effective in the fight and eventual defeat of apartheid. The international campaign, which saw South Africa being banned from participating in international sporting events as well as the calls for boycotts of South African products, was greatly successful as a tool to fighting apartheid. At the center of the struggle against apartheid was the apartheid movement, which coordinated the anti-apartheid struggle and advocated for the imposition of embargo, sanctions and boycotts. The case of apartheid struggle is a clear demonstration of the power of international solidarity in relation to the politics of a particular struggle and how international solidarity can greatly influence the outcome of the given struggle. Reference Lodge, T. 1983. Black Politics in South Africa since 1945. Johannesburg; Ravan Press. Mandela, N. 1994. Long Walk to Freedom. Abacus. Meli, F. 1988. South Africa Belongs to Us: A History of the ANC. London. James Currey. Robert, Innes 2006. A Theory of Consumer Boycotts and a Symmetric Information and Imperfect Competition. Economic Journal. Robert, Innes 2006. A Theory of Consumer Boycotts and a Symmetric Information and Imperfect Competition. Economic Journal. Seagal, R. ed. 1964. Sanctions Against South Africa. Penguin. How to cite Boycotts, Sanctions and Embargoes, Papers

HIH Insurance Limited Inherent Risk Assessments

Question: Discuss about the HIH Insurance Limited for Inherent Risk Assessments. Answer: Business Risk and Inherent Risk Assessments How HIH business risk would be assessed Each organization comprises of numerous different risk components while conducting its day-to-day operations. Therefore, in this case, risks within HIH has not been evaluated and recognized properly by its management; hence, resulting to a net loss of around 5.3 billion and then to collapse of the company. With these considerations, HIH business risk could be assessed in terms of the local, global as well as it control environment. This could also be assessed by understanding the overall insurance sector and then understanding how the HIH fits in this sector. To be more specific, HIH business risk would be assess through operational and financial risks. To start with, financial risk linked with those risks arising from HIH financial operations, financial consequences and transaction of its operations should in this case be assess (Clarke, Dean and Oliver, 2003). Therefore, by assessing all these risks, it would assist HIH to be aware and relatively alert with its financial position, issues as well as it debt. This would have in turn assisted it in evading risk of having too much debt obligations as compared to its total return. On the other hand, in assessing HIH risks, it would be advisable to assess its operational risks. These are the risks arising from its internal activities or operations. In this case, it would be advisable to assess several classes of risk like legal risk, fraud, environment as well as physical risk of this organization. This would have assisted in detecting probable issues and errors resulting from such risks. Thus, by assessing operational risks of HIH; that is, how it operates as well as how it conducts it s normal procedures, it could be easier for the firm to detect probable issues and errors; hence, the firm could have improved and expanded (The HIH Royal Commission 2003). In conclusion, it is very significant for the risks to be assessed, managed and recognized properly such that controls are executed in order to evade and reduce probable risks that might arise. In fact, HIH could not have collapsed in case it risks were assessed and managed appropriately and on time. Thus, business risk of the HIH were extensive as it risks were not identified and managed properly. Inherent Risk Aspects Effecting HIH Auditors should determine risks while working with their clients. One of the most important risks that they should be alert about should be inherent risk. One of the main aspects that could influence or affect inherent risk is management level of integrity. Given that HIH management lack integrity by presenting erroneous financial report, there is a probability for reputation to the business community. Another factor affecting inherent risk in HIH are unusual pressure on it management (Von Wielligh 2004). Basically, there were some incentives that led the management to misstate HIH financial report which include poor operating results, cash inflow problems, as well as poor liquidity. Change in competitive and economic condition in Australia was also another factor affecting inherent risk in the HIH at financial reporting level. These factors resulted in some increase in inherent risks assessment of the company. The Likelihood Being Liable Clients The partnership might be held liable to client if there is evidence that shows insufficient planning relating to goodwill alongside with deferred acquisition costs as well as income tax benefits. In case the clients were hiring former auditors, this would have some influence on independence of the external auditor since the former auditor could be holding higher partnership on auditing team which could hold higher influence to current auditors as a result of their authority. In fact there is a close relationship between existing and former auditors since they are capable of handling issues with the partners and influence they hold. Creditors For the creditors, the partnership could be held liable to the creditors in this case since it is clear that creditors incurred loss as a result of the partnership performance. In essence, the partnership is liable to the creditors since there is prove that they breached due of due professional care due to approval of misleading financial report which included audit report. Basically, as per the facts and finding in Credit Alliance Corp. v. Arthur Andersen Co. (1985) case, the partnership was fully aware of the reliance on financial statements of the organization by creditors. Therefore, they are fully liable for negligence to creditors. Conditions for the negligence action to be upheld Negligence is the cause of action where the plaintiff might assert civil tort against the defendant. For a negligence case to be upheld the plaintiff should definitely prove following conditions; first, s/he should prove that there was some duties on part of the defendant in conforming to a specific standard of conduct. Secondly, the plaintiff should prove that s/he has suffered some damages (Kimmel et al. 2006). Hence, even if the plaintiff proves that the defendant acted negligently, s/he might not collect the damages in case there was no evidence that s/he suffered any injuries. For a negligence to be upheld there should be prove that the defendant breached his or her duty that s/he owes to a plaintiff. The defendant might breach such duty through failure to exercise some reasonable care to fulfil his duty. Ethics Main Reason Why Hih Would Hire Previous Members Of An External Audit Team HIH would be willing to hire the previous participants of an external audit team since these members are relatively conversant with it; hence, would be easier for these members to carry out their audit of HIH financial statements. Furthermore, HIH might be willing to hire previous members of the audit teams since these members have some experience with several of the financial matters; hence, would take them lesser time to understand the financial statements as compared to new members. In essence, since these members could have been auditing the firm financial statement for some time, they understand clearly how the firm works as well as what could be done in order to improve its internal audit department. Furthermore, the firm could hire of the previous members of the external audit team since the teams could provide it with some insight of what the auditors are looking for and in case the personnel wanted to commit some frauds or erroneous act they could gain some insight and learn how better how to high such activities (Moroney, Campell and Hamilton 2011). Generally, this firm could be interested in hiring previous external auditor due to their know-how. For example in case the audit member has worked on specific engagement in HIH for numerous years, this member might understand more regarding operations of audited firm as compared to anyone else. In this case, there might be no other reason or agenda. Nonetheless, in case it consistently hires from its external audit teams, it would be unclear about the overall integrity of the company (Tahir, Idris and Ariffin 2014). Advantages Of Having Same Organization Offering Both Consulting And Auditing Services Hiring of the same organization providing both consulting and auditing services could be advantageous. This is because a higher level of effectiveness would be gained by same organization offering both services since the company could leverage auditors deep understanding of it customer and it information system in offering extra or additional services. In addition, having same organization offering both consulting and auditing services could assist the company establish weaknesses during audit work and same could assist in closing this view (Tahir, Idris and Ariffin 2014). Evaluation OfWhether These Circumstances Would Result In Violation Of Ethical Standards Hiring the same organization to provide both consulting and auditing services would result to violation of the ethical standards. This is based on the fact that the act could impair independence of the company in conducting their auditing work (Clout, Chapple and Gandhi 2013). Furthermore, such circumstance would represent violation of auditing ethical standards since it would impair the firms objectivity. This would in turn influence the companys auditing opinion; hence, their auditing responsibility might be compromised. Generally, this circumstance could represent violation of ethical standard since the firm could ignore observation made during their auditing work and could fail to conform to their audit opinion since the firm is still offering consulting services which could in turn be a better proof of the firms weakness in its consulting services. Recommendations The main recommendations in this case is enrichment of independence. The second recommendation was strengthening of the financial reporting framework (Barret 2003). This is aimed at promotion of vibrant and strong economy as well as provision of a framework which assist business easily adapts to change. Furthermore, there was recommendation to enhance continuous disclosure provisions which apply to the listed firms. There is also recommendation to look for some civil consequences in case of contraventions of constant revelation by disclosing or auditing firms (Kleinman and Palmon 2001). Basically, there is a recommendation that CFO of an organization signs statutory declaration that an organizations financial information are materially complete and faithful and that they comply with relevant acts. CLERP 9 and Ramsay Report also recommended that auditors should report to the ASIC any endeavour to coerce, mislead, influence or manipulate the auditors (Ladakis 2005). Another important r ecommendation for the auditors is to ensure that their duties are provided in a manner that ensures that financial services are provided honestly, fairly and efficiently. The CLERP 9 recommends that audit work is conducted competently and professionally, with full regard provided to shareholders interests, independence needs as well as professional ethics. The act also recommends regular rotation of the audit partners (Islam, Karim and van Zijl 2005). Furthermore, there is a recommendation for introduction of some statutory cap on the professional liability where auditors are put liable for exercising their duties unethically. These recommendations would have significant impact on practice of auditing since it would help in amending the annual audit report for the listed firms to reveal respecting auditing requirements. In addition, such recommendation enhances substantial improvement in the auditing practice in that they would enhance consistency of the financial reports (Clout, Chapple and Gandhi 2013). For instance, the recommendation to seek civil penalties would make auditing firms more careful while auditing the financial statements; hence, reduced probability of presenting misleading reports or information in regard to an organizations financial performance. Further, such recommendations would help in improving on auditing independence; hence, an improvement on auditing services or works (Chapple and Koh 2007). For instance, regular rotation of the audit partners would enhance independence of the auditing firm since there would be no continuity of knowledge. These recommendations would also improve on auditing work in that there would be reduced case of unethical practices during auditing. References Barret, P 2003, Governance and Auditing in a Changing Environment in the Public Sector, Speech Charted Secretaries Australia, 4. Chapple, LJ and Koh, B 2007, Regulatory responses to auditor independence dilemmaswho takes the stronger line?, Australian Journal of Corporate Law, 21(1), 1-21. Clarke F, Dean G and Oliver K 2003, Corporate Collapse: Accounting, Regulatory and Ethical Failure, Revised Edition, Cambridge University Press. Clout, J, Chapple, L and Gandhi, N 2013, The impact of auditor independence regulations on established and emerging firms, Accounting Research Journal, 26(2), 88-108. Islam, A, Karim, AK and van Zijl, T 2005, Auditor independence and NAS: A comparative analysis of selected current regulatory frameworks. Kimmel, PD, Carlon, S, Loftus, J, Mladenovic, R, Kieso, DE and Weygandt, JJ 2006, Accounting Buidling Business Skills 2nd edition. Milton: John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd. Kleinman, G and Palmon, D 2001, Understanding Auditor-client Relations: a multi faceted analysis, Wiener, Princeton. Ladakis, E 2005, The auditor as gatekeeper for the investing public: Auditor independence and the CLERP reforms-a comparative analysis, Company and Securities Law Journal, 23(7), 416. Moroney, R, Campell, F and Hamilton, J 2011, Auditing A Practical Approach. Milton: John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd. Tahir, FA, Idris, KM and Ariffin, ZZ 2014, Dimensions of Auditor Independence: A Pilot Study, International Journal of Business and Management, 9(6), 72. The HIH Royal Commission 2003, The failure of HIH: a critical assessment, in The Failure of HIH Insurance, Volume 1: A corporate collapse and its lessons, April, Commonwealth of Australia. Unger, D 2002, Contract Audits: Contingent Fees and Confidentiality. J. St. Tax'n, 21, 76. Von Wielligh, SP 2004, High inherent risk elements in financial statements of listed South African long-term insurers, Meditari: Research Journal of the School of Accounting Sciences, 12(1), 195-217.