History SBA Guidelines - 2091 Words

GRAYDON SEALY SECONDARY SCHOOL GENERAL STUDIES DEPARTMENT HISTORY Guidelines for the Completion of Caribbean History SBA ⠝â€" Please note that the guidelines that follow are to assist youÍ ¾ therefore, they should be followed. However, if you are unclear about anything pertaining to what you have to do, it is your responsibility to seek the necessary assistance from your subject teacher. CXC Caribbean History Examination Outline The CXC History Paper consists of three parts: 1. Paper 1 ­ Multiple Choice (Questions will be chosen from the Core) 2. Paper 2 – Essay Type Questions (2 Questions will be set on the NINE themes. You are required to ANSWER THREE QUESTIONS, ONE FROM THE THREE THEMES†¦show more content†¦Unknown (2003) stated that sugar could only be profitable if grown on a large scale. E.g. Slater (n.d.) highlighted the increase in the black population as being the result of the large importation of enslaved Africans to meet the labour demands on the sugar plantations. Using a Bibliography When doing research, you must also cite the sources that you used in a bibliography. All sources must be listed in alphabetical order. ⠝â€" Citing Books in a Bibliography ­ Author/s. year of publication. Title of source. Place of publication: Name of publishers. Eg .  ­ Claypole, W., Robottom, John. Caribbean Story (New Edition), England: Longman Caribbean 1981 Citing Online Sources in a Bibliography ­ Contributors names (Last edited date). Title of resource. Retrieved from (place web address here) Eg.  ­ Brizee, A. (2010, May 5).The Appearance of the Arawaks. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ CARIBBEAN EXAMINATION COUNCIL CARIBBEAN HISTORY SCHOOL BASED ASSESMENT 2014 Name: Emmanuel Sighn Candidate #: 03001210111 School code: 030012 Topic: What was the impact of the sugar revolution on the social, economic and political th landscape of the British West Indies in the latter half of the 17 century? SBA TOPIC 1. Show how the sugar revolution impacted the social, economic and political landscape of the British th West Indian (BWI)Show MoreRelatedCensorship As A Multi Million Dollar Market942 Words   |  4 Pagescontrols the media, controls the mind. With the power to dictate what information an individual is allowed and not allowed to access, comes also the power to mould a society to whatever belief system that is desired. Advertising which has a rich history that can be traced back to early cave paintings, is a medium for persuasion and is often used by businesses and organisations to promote their products and ideas. Advertising being a multi-million dollar market for promoting a wide array of ideasRead MoreBenefits Of A Green Company Essay1935 Words   |  8 Pagesalthough businesses are going â€Å"green† they may or may not be making a positive impact on the environment or that the company will be as successful or more successful than other companies who are not considere d green. 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Boycotts, Sanctions and Embargoes Free Essays

string(205) " rule to bear as embargoes such as expulsion from world sporting events and the calls for boycotts of the consumer goods meant that South Africa was slowly drifting away from the international community \." Boycotts, sanctions and embargoes have been used for a very long time by the government to maintain social order. Although their use is characterized by lack of democracy, autocratic leaderships as well as dictatorial leaderships, the three terms have come to be recognized as international tools of dealing with rogue nations especially when such are applied by the international community through world recognized bodies such as the UN. While boycotts refer to the act of desisting from using a certain product of engaging in relationship with a given organization or individual it may also be applied to individuals such as presidents and political leaders as a means of coercing such to comply with the given code of conduct . We will write a custom essay sample on Boycotts, Sanctions and Embargoes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Boycotts, sanctions and embargoes as applied to South Africa during the apartheid era were used as tools of suppressing the apartheid rule to recognize the rights of the blacks in South Africa. Boycotts, sanctions and embargoes are only effective if there is international solidarity on the dimension on which they can be applied. For such tools can never be effective if applied in small proportions. Beginning in the late 1960s throughout to the early 1990s the international community put pressure on the apartheid rule in South Africa to recognize the rights of the blacks in South Africa. The successive handover of independence to South Africans can be partly attributed to the effectiveness of the boycotts, sanctions and embargoes. The history of boycotts, sanctions and embargoes can be traced back to the 1700s with colonial boycotts of British trade goods during the colonization of America by the Britains . In the 1800 boycotts were evident and were successfully used as a tool to fight slave trade when different nations such as France, the Balkans and the Americas called for their population to boycott and resist from buying goods or products originating from slave fields . This led to the colonial masters to understand the dissent and dislike of slave trade as a practice. This amongst other factors can be used to explain the eventual abolishment of slave trade in late 18th century. Boycotts were used by the anti-apartheid movement in two folds, either as a threat or an actual action aimed at eliciting the desired reaction from the apartheid rule to hasten the hand over of independence to South Africa . The pervasive nature of the boycotts made the boycotts to be viewed by the apartheid movement as one of the effective tools in that whenever boycotts were called either from the international community or by the south Africans themselves it would deal a big blow to the smooth functioning of the apartheid government. This was the desired effect on the government given the ability of boycotts to disrupt the normal functioning of government. For instance, the South African apartheid government depended on exports of products such as gold, diamond and uranium and therefore successful boycotts meant that the apartheid government would be denied the much-needed income to carry on its governance issues . Boycotts were so effective in South Africa such that they are classified as one of the greatest factors which led to the fall of the apartheid regime considering the fact that South Africa relied on export of its goods to earn foreign exchange. The anti-apartheid in South Africa played a critical role in ensuring that the boycotts received international recognition hence the reason why much of the campaigning was directed towards achieving official state sponsored international support. International anti-apartheid movement as it applied to South Africa was founded on tenets such as the belief in the right of every human being to fundamental right to freedom, self-rule, the right to every state to be independent, the right to recognition and upholding of every people’s culture and beliefs as well as the social and moral responsibility of the international community to fight apartheid irrespective of who practices it or who perpetrates it. The above tenets formed the basis for the international anti-apartheid movement and were consequential in the subsequent defeat of apartheid in South Africa. International solidarity is manifested in the ability of nations of the world to join together and advocate for a common goal . In regard to an apartheid movement in South Africa solidarity was demonstrated in sanctions and embargoes enforced by the international community to fight apartheid. In that sense the international community shows the intention to decapitate the legal framework with apartheid rule upholds as a means of sustaining the economic dominance over people. In the case of South Africa the Boers segregated Africa by making sure that the quality of education they received was insufficient to guarantee them good position in the labour market . This greatly relegated the natives to abject poverty in that they were economically not a match to the Boers. Apart from denial of access to education, the native South Africans were denied equal opportunities even in situations whereby they possessed equal qualifications to those of the whites. In addition, the apartheid rule dictated where the Africans could own property as well as what kind of trade they could conduct. This meant that economically, the Africans were at a disadvantage. At the policy level all policies were biased against the Africans and this meant that it was very hard for them to achieve the economic independence required to wage any meaningful ‘war’ against the mighty white rule. This shows how the Africans were incapable of successfully fighting apartheid on their own. Without international solidarity as demonstrated in the international apartheid movement the native South Africans would not have achieved independence. Where the Africans lacked the economic power to fight apartheid, the international community showed solidarity by enforcing sanctions, which would greatly reduce the white’s economic prowess . Pressure from the international community led to the call of boycotts and expulsion of South Africa from participating in the international sporting events . This was too much for the apartheid rule to bear as embargoes such as expulsion from world sporting events and the calls for boycotts of the consumer goods meant that South Africa was slowly drifting away from the international community . You read "Boycotts, Sanctions and Embargoes" in category "Papers" Even before the official handover of independence to the South Africans the impact of the international community intervention was evident and by 1985 the apartheid rule started doing away with some apartheid practices such as forced ejections from homes, classification based on colour, as well as the denial of equal opportunities . As the internal resistance waged by the South Africans through their umbrella party ANC sufficed international relations worsened as the sanctions, embargoes and boycotts were unbearable to the apartheid rule. The support from the international community accorded to the native South Africans acted as a morale booster and as a result the native South Africans took the fight against apartheid a note higher as all social groups took to the fight. As a result of international solidarity in calling of the eradication of apartheid in south Africa, the natives regained confidence and the fight against apartheid changed tactics from confrontational needs to more subtle means such as freedom songs, as well as the use of black owned media to produce films which called for the end to apartheid . In the contemporary society international solidarity contributes largely to political struggle. This takes other forms other than embargoes, boycotts and sanctions for instance, international recognition of democratically elected governments. For example, in the present day Somalia, it is the leadership, which gains international support, which enjoys credence and credibility. For instance, the Islam court government could not successfully lead in Somalia because it lacked the support of the international community. International solidarity calling for the recognition of the democratically elected leadership lead to the ousting of the Islam courts’ led government barely six months after it had seized power from yet another leadership; the tribal led government. The case of Somalia clearly shows that international solidarity can play a role in winning struggles not only the struggle against apartheid but also other struggles against terrorism, colonialism as well as dictatorial regimes. However, there is a need for caution in how the international community plays its role when it comes to intervention in conflict situations. There is evidence that most international actions are informed by the leadership of specific groups as opposed to being informed by the need for impartiality, fairness and the observation of international law. The moment international community degenerates into a tool for certain groups in the struggle, the effectiveness of the international community to fight against oppression of a given people whether in apartheid, colonial or occupation. The international community should base their support on any given group on merit but not other factors such as on the basis of friendship with the leadership of a given struggle movement. The international community has in the past made grave mistakes by supporting struggle leaders who later turned out to be no better than the oppressive powers. This can be clearly demonstrated in the case of leaders who have taken over from dictatorial regimes with the full support of the community only to turn out to be worse than the ousted regimes. For the official leadership of any struggle to receive international support, it must clearly demonstrate its ability to end aggression once it takes power. Such official leadership must have put in place proper mechanism to deal with issues of poor governance, which often lead to difficulties in leadership once such a struggle movement, takes power. It is therefore paramount that the international community serves the role of a mediator rather than actively being involved in the political activities in any given struggle. Sanctions, boycotts and arms embargoes have been criticized for going in contravention of freedom and autonomy of states especially in cases whereby the sanctions, boycotts and embargoes are imposed on independent sates for reasons ranging from; failure to honor some demands by donors which may not be in the best interest of such nations or in other cases where embargoes, sanctions and boycotts are solely motivated by the need to exert influence over a regime which has fallen out of touch with the wishes of western powers. For instance, the world is currently witnessing a situation whereby there is a tendency by the United States of America to endorse boycotts and sanctions to nations which fail to support it or collaborate with it on fronts such as the war against terrorism. This leads to questions on how appropriate it is for the United States of America and other developed Nations to dictate to independent nations on how they can handle their internal affairs. For example, the sanctions imposed on Iran solely on grounds that, the country is developing weapons of mass destruction are a clear indication of how sanctions, boycotts and embargoes can be imposed at will by the powerful nations to the detriment of militarily and economically weaker nations. This has been a cause of tensions in the Middle East region and it threatens to get worse and spill into an international conflict. Embargoes lead to the suffering of citizens whose country is brought under sanctions. In addition, embargoes, sanctions and boycotts increase vulnerability for such a country to face external attacks if arms embargoes are imposed. The above clearly demonstrate that, in as much as sanctions, embargoes and boycotts are useful in containing the capacity of dictatorial regimes, apartheid regimes and rebel movements, if not well regulated, they can lead to atrocities against the people they are meant to protect or liberate. Where sanctions, embargoes and boycotts are imposed haphazardly, citizens suffer. In addition, the countries under arms embargoes become more vulnerable to attacks. In addition sanctions, arms embargoes, and boycotts can lead to heightened regional and international relations characterized by tensions. There is a need to de-emphasize the use of sanctions and embargoes and concentrate on other methods of intervention in times of crisis. While sanctions, embargoes and boycotts can create an opportunity for abuse of human rights, abuse of independence of states and unnecessary interference in the running of internal affairs of independent countries, other alternatives such as negotiations can work marvelously and cause less undesired effects. In addition, an alternative such as diplomacy is les expensive to implement in the long run. Diplomacy is usually given a wide support by nations of the world compared to sanctions, boycotts and embargoes. For instance, although there are sanctions in place against the current regime in Zimbabwe specifically targeting the leadership of President Robert Mugambe, not every nation in the world supports the measure as some countries like China have gone ahead with healthy trade ties with Robert Mugambe. This clearly indicates that, sanctions are not always ideal and must only be applied selectively as opposed to being applied blatantly. In conclusion, it is clear from the discussion above that international intervention in form of enforcing boycotts, sanctions and embargoes against the apartheid rule in South Africa was effective in the fight and eventual defeat of apartheid. The international campaign, which saw South Africa being banned from participating in international sporting events as well as the calls for boycotts of South African products, was greatly successful as a tool to fighting apartheid. At the center of the struggle against apartheid was the apartheid movement, which coordinated the anti-apartheid struggle and advocated for the imposition of embargo, sanctions and boycotts. The case of apartheid struggle is a clear demonstration of the power of international solidarity in relation to the politics of a particular struggle and how international solidarity can greatly influence the outcome of the given struggle. Reference Lodge, T. 1983. Black Politics in South Africa since 1945. Johannesburg; Ravan Press. Mandela, N. 1994. Long Walk to Freedom. Abacus. Meli, F. 1988. South Africa Belongs to Us: A History of the ANC. London. James Currey. Robert, Innes 2006. A Theory of Consumer Boycotts and a Symmetric Information and Imperfect Competition. Economic Journal. Robert, Innes 2006. A Theory of Consumer Boycotts and a Symmetric Information and Imperfect Competition. Economic Journal. Seagal, R. ed. 1964. Sanctions Against South Africa. Penguin. How to cite Boycotts, Sanctions and Embargoes, Papers

HIH Insurance Limited Inherent Risk Assessments

Question: Discuss about the HIH Insurance Limited for Inherent Risk Assessments. Answer: Business Risk and Inherent Risk Assessments How HIH business risk would be assessed Each organization comprises of numerous different risk components while conducting its day-to-day operations. Therefore, in this case, risks within HIH has not been evaluated and recognized properly by its management; hence, resulting to a net loss of around 5.3 billion and then to collapse of the company. With these considerations, HIH business risk could be assessed in terms of the local, global as well as it control environment. This could also be assessed by understanding the overall insurance sector and then understanding how the HIH fits in this sector. To be more specific, HIH business risk would be assess through operational and financial risks. To start with, financial risk linked with those risks arising from HIH financial operations, financial consequences and transaction of its operations should in this case be assess (Clarke, Dean and Oliver, 2003). Therefore, by assessing all these risks, it would assist HIH to be aware and relatively alert with its financial position, issues as well as it debt. This would have in turn assisted it in evading risk of having too much debt obligations as compared to its total return. On the other hand, in assessing HIH risks, it would be advisable to assess its operational risks. These are the risks arising from its internal activities or operations. In this case, it would be advisable to assess several classes of risk like legal risk, fraud, environment as well as physical risk of this organization. This would have assisted in detecting probable issues and errors resulting from such risks. Thus, by assessing operational risks of HIH; that is, how it operates as well as how it conducts it s normal procedures, it could be easier for the firm to detect probable issues and errors; hence, the firm could have improved and expanded (The HIH Royal Commission 2003). In conclusion, it is very significant for the risks to be assessed, managed and recognized properly such that controls are executed in order to evade and reduce probable risks that might arise. In fact, HIH could not have collapsed in case it risks were assessed and managed appropriately and on time. Thus, business risk of the HIH were extensive as it risks were not identified and managed properly. Inherent Risk Aspects Effecting HIH Auditors should determine risks while working with their clients. One of the most important risks that they should be alert about should be inherent risk. One of the main aspects that could influence or affect inherent risk is management level of integrity. Given that HIH management lack integrity by presenting erroneous financial report, there is a probability for reputation to the business community. Another factor affecting inherent risk in HIH are unusual pressure on it management (Von Wielligh 2004). Basically, there were some incentives that led the management to misstate HIH financial report which include poor operating results, cash inflow problems, as well as poor liquidity. Change in competitive and economic condition in Australia was also another factor affecting inherent risk in the HIH at financial reporting level. These factors resulted in some increase in inherent risks assessment of the company. The Likelihood Being Liable Clients The partnership might be held liable to client if there is evidence that shows insufficient planning relating to goodwill alongside with deferred acquisition costs as well as income tax benefits. In case the clients were hiring former auditors, this would have some influence on independence of the external auditor since the former auditor could be holding higher partnership on auditing team which could hold higher influence to current auditors as a result of their authority. In fact there is a close relationship between existing and former auditors since they are capable of handling issues with the partners and influence they hold. Creditors For the creditors, the partnership could be held liable to the creditors in this case since it is clear that creditors incurred loss as a result of the partnership performance. In essence, the partnership is liable to the creditors since there is prove that they breached due of due professional care due to approval of misleading financial report which included audit report. Basically, as per the facts and finding in Credit Alliance Corp. v. Arthur Andersen Co. (1985) case, the partnership was fully aware of the reliance on financial statements of the organization by creditors. Therefore, they are fully liable for negligence to creditors. Conditions for the negligence action to be upheld Negligence is the cause of action where the plaintiff might assert civil tort against the defendant. For a negligence case to be upheld the plaintiff should definitely prove following conditions; first, s/he should prove that there was some duties on part of the defendant in conforming to a specific standard of conduct. Secondly, the plaintiff should prove that s/he has suffered some damages (Kimmel et al. 2006). Hence, even if the plaintiff proves that the defendant acted negligently, s/he might not collect the damages in case there was no evidence that s/he suffered any injuries. For a negligence to be upheld there should be prove that the defendant breached his or her duty that s/he owes to a plaintiff. The defendant might breach such duty through failure to exercise some reasonable care to fulfil his duty. Ethics Main Reason Why Hih Would Hire Previous Members Of An External Audit Team HIH would be willing to hire the previous participants of an external audit team since these members are relatively conversant with it; hence, would be easier for these members to carry out their audit of HIH financial statements. Furthermore, HIH might be willing to hire previous members of the audit teams since these members have some experience with several of the financial matters; hence, would take them lesser time to understand the financial statements as compared to new members. In essence, since these members could have been auditing the firm financial statement for some time, they understand clearly how the firm works as well as what could be done in order to improve its internal audit department. Furthermore, the firm could hire of the previous members of the external audit team since the teams could provide it with some insight of what the auditors are looking for and in case the personnel wanted to commit some frauds or erroneous act they could gain some insight and learn how better how to high such activities (Moroney, Campell and Hamilton 2011). Generally, this firm could be interested in hiring previous external auditor due to their know-how. For example in case the audit member has worked on specific engagement in HIH for numerous years, this member might understand more regarding operations of audited firm as compared to anyone else. In this case, there might be no other reason or agenda. Nonetheless, in case it consistently hires from its external audit teams, it would be unclear about the overall integrity of the company (Tahir, Idris and Ariffin 2014). Advantages Of Having Same Organization Offering Both Consulting And Auditing Services Hiring of the same organization providing both consulting and auditing services could be advantageous. This is because a higher level of effectiveness would be gained by same organization offering both services since the company could leverage auditors deep understanding of it customer and it information system in offering extra or additional services. In addition, having same organization offering both consulting and auditing services could assist the company establish weaknesses during audit work and same could assist in closing this view (Tahir, Idris and Ariffin 2014). Evaluation OfWhether These Circumstances Would Result In Violation Of Ethical Standards Hiring the same organization to provide both consulting and auditing services would result to violation of the ethical standards. This is based on the fact that the act could impair independence of the company in conducting their auditing work (Clout, Chapple and Gandhi 2013). Furthermore, such circumstance would represent violation of auditing ethical standards since it would impair the firms objectivity. This would in turn influence the companys auditing opinion; hence, their auditing responsibility might be compromised. Generally, this circumstance could represent violation of ethical standard since the firm could ignore observation made during their auditing work and could fail to conform to their audit opinion since the firm is still offering consulting services which could in turn be a better proof of the firms weakness in its consulting services. Recommendations The main recommendations in this case is enrichment of independence. The second recommendation was strengthening of the financial reporting framework (Barret 2003). This is aimed at promotion of vibrant and strong economy as well as provision of a framework which assist business easily adapts to change. Furthermore, there was recommendation to enhance continuous disclosure provisions which apply to the listed firms. There is also recommendation to look for some civil consequences in case of contraventions of constant revelation by disclosing or auditing firms (Kleinman and Palmon 2001). Basically, there is a recommendation that CFO of an organization signs statutory declaration that an organizations financial information are materially complete and faithful and that they comply with relevant acts. CLERP 9 and Ramsay Report also recommended that auditors should report to the ASIC any endeavour to coerce, mislead, influence or manipulate the auditors (Ladakis 2005). Another important r ecommendation for the auditors is to ensure that their duties are provided in a manner that ensures that financial services are provided honestly, fairly and efficiently. The CLERP 9 recommends that audit work is conducted competently and professionally, with full regard provided to shareholders interests, independence needs as well as professional ethics. The act also recommends regular rotation of the audit partners (Islam, Karim and van Zijl 2005). Furthermore, there is a recommendation for introduction of some statutory cap on the professional liability where auditors are put liable for exercising their duties unethically. These recommendations would have significant impact on practice of auditing since it would help in amending the annual audit report for the listed firms to reveal respecting auditing requirements. In addition, such recommendation enhances substantial improvement in the auditing practice in that they would enhance consistency of the financial reports (Clout, Chapple and Gandhi 2013). For instance, the recommendation to seek civil penalties would make auditing firms more careful while auditing the financial statements; hence, reduced probability of presenting misleading reports or information in regard to an organizations financial performance. Further, such recommendations would help in improving on auditing independence; hence, an improvement on auditing services or works (Chapple and Koh 2007). For instance, regular rotation of the audit partners would enhance independence of the auditing firm since there would be no continuity of knowledge. These recommendations would also improve on auditing work in that there would be reduced case of unethical practices during auditing. References Barret, P 2003, Governance and Auditing in a Changing Environment in the Public Sector, Speech Charted Secretaries Australia, 4. Chapple, LJ and Koh, B 2007, Regulatory responses to auditor independence dilemmaswho takes the stronger line?, Australian Journal of Corporate Law, 21(1), 1-21. Clarke F, Dean G and Oliver K 2003, Corporate Collapse: Accounting, Regulatory and Ethical Failure, Revised Edition, Cambridge University Press. Clout, J, Chapple, L and Gandhi, N 2013, The impact of auditor independence regulations on established and emerging firms, Accounting Research Journal, 26(2), 88-108. Islam, A, Karim, AK and van Zijl, T 2005, Auditor independence and NAS: A comparative analysis of selected current regulatory frameworks. Kimmel, PD, Carlon, S, Loftus, J, Mladenovic, R, Kieso, DE and Weygandt, JJ 2006, Accounting Buidling Business Skills 2nd edition. Milton: John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd. Kleinman, G and Palmon, D 2001, Understanding Auditor-client Relations: a multi faceted analysis, Wiener, Princeton. Ladakis, E 2005, The auditor as gatekeeper for the investing public: Auditor independence and the CLERP reforms-a comparative analysis, Company and Securities Law Journal, 23(7), 416. Moroney, R, Campell, F and Hamilton, J 2011, Auditing A Practical Approach. Milton: John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd. Tahir, FA, Idris, KM and Ariffin, ZZ 2014, Dimensions of Auditor Independence: A Pilot Study, International Journal of Business and Management, 9(6), 72. The HIH Royal Commission 2003, The failure of HIH: a critical assessment, in The Failure of HIH Insurance, Volume 1: A corporate collapse and its lessons, April, Commonwealth of Australia. Unger, D 2002, Contract Audits: Contingent Fees and Confidentiality. J. St. Tax'n, 21, 76. Von Wielligh, SP 2004, High inherent risk elements in financial statements of listed South African long-term insurers, Meditari: Research Journal of the School of Accounting Sciences, 12(1), 195-217.

Male pregnancy free essay sample

Lee besides a useless little widget which is supposedly displaying a live feed of his ultrasound and vitals. It also had no information about male pregnancy or how it works, only what appeared to be a link to an article by John Jay College of Criminal Justice titled â€Å"Male Pregnancy, Designer Babies and Medical Nanotechnology. The link turned out to be just a picture and did not do anything. The page seemed to be more focused on people’s personal opinions of what Mr. Lee was doing, as it was dominated by statements about what people though and links to more posts from many more people. There were also links to popular news and entertainment websites such CNN, U. S. News and Oprah, however these served no purpose as they did not take you to the stories that they displayed. This website was published by RYT Hospital-Dwayne Medical Center, but the link to their page did not work either. We will write a custom essay sample on Male pregnancy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Neither did the ones to the Privacy Notice nor Disclaimer. This website contained no real facts that would help that would be helpful to someone doing research, and would only be useful for entertainment purposes. After some research I learned that the website was just a hoax created by Mr. Lee Mingwei as an art project. This confirmed my suspicion, as the average person could clearly tell that some was wrong with this website after just a few minutes of using it.

Free Essays on Chaucer’s Criticism Of The Medieval Catholic Church

Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (MacKaye) introduces readers to a diverse group of travelers making the annual pilgrimage to Canterbury, seeking blessings from St Thomas Becket. This group of pilgrims represented every social station of a still class-divided England. Among them are an intelligent Merchant, a meager Clerk, a dignified Knight, a crude Wife, and several respected members of the clergy. Through the characterization of the pilgrims, Chaucer points out weaknesses of the Medieval Catholic Church. Ironically, the clergy members, who should be a shining illustration of Christian morality and compassion, serve as glowing examples of the decadence and corruption of the Medieval Church. Through character insights and descriptions, Chaucer makes known his opinion of hypocrisy, disobedience, and greed motivated dishonesty running rampant through the Medieval Catholic Church. Chaucer’s Medieval Clergy easily and often find fault with commoners, yet seem to be oblivious to the dalliances and sins they themselves commit. The vilest hypocrite Chaucer reveals is the Pardoner. While preaching against the sin of avarice, the Pardoner quotes Timothy 1:6 â€Å"radix malorum est cupiditas†, or â€Å"love of money is the root of all evil.† However, he readily admits to his traveling companions that his â€Å"purpose is naught but gain, and not a whit correction of sin.† Sadly, the Pardoner knowingly admits to his hypocritical nature, but he does not care enough to change. The Friar is also guilty of hypocrisy. His position in the Church is to collect money for and minister to the sick and the downtrodden, yet he says â€Å"it is not seemly, it doth not profit, to deal with such poor rubbish†. This man of God, who uses the misfortune of others to raise funds for the Church, feels he is too good to socialize or even minister to those he is called to serve. Additionally, the Summoner is guilty of a multitude of sins against t... Free Essays on Chaucer’s Criticism Of The Medieval Catholic Church Free Essays on Chaucer’s Criticism Of The Medieval Catholic Church Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (MacKaye) introduces readers to a diverse group of travelers making the annual pilgrimage to Canterbury, seeking blessings from St Thomas Becket. This group of pilgrims represented every social station of a still class-divided England. Among them are an intelligent Merchant, a meager Clerk, a dignified Knight, a crude Wife, and several respected members of the clergy. Through the characterization of the pilgrims, Chaucer points out weaknesses of the Medieval Catholic Church. Ironically, the clergy members, who should be a shining illustration of Christian morality and compassion, serve as glowing examples of the decadence and corruption of the Medieval Church. Through character insights and descriptions, Chaucer makes known his opinion of hypocrisy, disobedience, and greed motivated dishonesty running rampant through the Medieval Catholic Church. Chaucer’s Medieval Clergy easily and often find fault with commoners, yet seem to be oblivious to the dalliances and sins they themselves commit. The vilest hypocrite Chaucer reveals is the Pardoner. While preaching against the sin of avarice, the Pardoner quotes Timothy 1:6 â€Å"radix malorum est cupiditas†, or â€Å"love of money is the root of all evil.† However, he readily admits to his traveling companions that his â€Å"purpose is naught but gain, and not a whit correction of sin.† Sadly, the Pardoner knowingly admits to his hypocritical nature, but he does not care enough to change. The Friar is also guilty of hypocrisy. His position in the Church is to collect money for and minister to the sick and the downtrodden, yet he says â€Å"it is not seemly, it doth not profit, to deal with such poor rubbish†. This man of God, who uses the misfortune of others to raise funds for the Church, feels he is too good to socialize or even minister to those he is called to serve. Additionally, the Summoner is guilty of a multitude of sins against t...

Abstract Art

Abstract Art Essay Abstract Expressionism is the form of art that has developed after the most difficult periods in human history. This period began during the great depression in the 1930s and ended with the end of World War II in 1945. All of this brought about a worldwide examination of basic human values and ethics and a period of dramatic change in art. Abstract Expressionism is the name given to a group of American artists who would gain international attention during the 1950s. As a result from the Second World War, many of the great European artists in which they found themselves expelled to New York. The result of this advancement to the American art was the post-war international authority that had to the Abstract Expressionists, and the movement that would be the centre for the art world that progressed from Europe to New York. Even though the Great Depression and World War II were great disasters, these events were important in forcing a number of the European artists to flee Europe for the safety of the United States, where they influenced many younger American artists. It was difficult to know exactly how much of this migration would affect American art, but in part of its impact, would be for the first time in which American artists would become internationally recognized for their new vision and a new artistic vocabulary, in which would be known as Abstract Expressionism. Even though abstract expressionism is the movement in painting that has emerged in New York City in the mid-1940s and has reached fame in American art for the following decade. With the given impulsion from the work of Arshile Gorky, abstract expressionism would be marked by the attention that would surface qualities, like brushstroke and texture. Some of the major artists that were included in this movement would include: Jackson Pollock, Willem De Kooning, Hans Hofmann, Robert Motherwell, Franz Kline, and Mark Rothko. Abstract Expressionism was primarily concerned with the spontaneous declaration of the individual through the act of painting. The movement would contain lots of variety for styles in which they would be characterized more by the concepts that would be behind the art than by a specific look. Generally, abstract art would be without recognizable images and wouldnt adhere to the limits of predictable form. The roots of abstract expressionism would be in the nonfigurative work from the Russian-born painter Wassily Kandinsky and surrealists, who would deliberately use the subconscious and spontaneity in creative activity. The American painters that would be influenced by the subjective abstractions from the Armenian-born painter Arshile Gorky, who had immigrated to the United States in 1920, who in which he stressed the dynamic interaction of colored planes. The abstract expressionism movement would be centered in New York City. Even though the styles would have embraced within the abstract expressionism that was as diverse as the styles from the painters themselves; there were two major tendencies that were noted in the movement. Abstract painters were concerned with the paint texture and consistency that was worked with the gestures from the artist and while the painters would be giving their impact on their work by using unified color and shape. Abstract art would also be flourished in Europe especially because it is where it was influenced by French painters such as: Nicolas de Sta? Â «l, Pierre Soulages, and Jean Dubuffet. The European abstract expressionists were emphasized by the patches of color, and the art informal, in which it was a rejected formal structure, that had especially close resemblance with New York painting. Abstract Expressionism would be classified by two basic categories: the gestural Abstract Expressionists, who are interested in brushstrokes and drips of paint; and the colour field Abstract Expressionists, in which they create large canvases of color, in the mark of the brush that is not important. READ: Art Appreciation Ch. 4.3Basically, the individual artists that got to be involved with Abstract Expressionism would be that they all shared ideas about the nature of art, seeing it as an expression of the artists self, or of the basic creative urge that all humans share. Since one of the important developments that would be associated with the colour field of Abstract Expressionists would be the creation of a 20th century sublime. Traditionally, the sublime would be a piece from the 19th century art, in which it was the power of nature would be revealed by the character of God. Artists began to express their feelings and thoughts in abstract form. However, the difference here would be that they are expressing these abstract ideas and feelings within their energy that had never been seen before as they tried to find a way of putting their excitement, inner feelings and even torment into a concrete form. The Abstract Expressionists were thought as a group that shared a common experience, however, as individuals they did not think of themselves as a group with common ideals. The similarities that were between the artists was that they all wanted to use their personal intuition in order to make something new and distinctively American, yet commonly valid and unprovincial. Within The Abstract Expressionist Movement, there were different groups of artists that had a particular style. The emergence of the Abstract Expressionist in America had a profound effect on the rest of the art world, because it was relocated to the center of the art. Many factors caused America to be the new center of Creativity. Political and economical causes such as the Great Depression and world war II, as well as former artistic genres such as Surrealism, Social Realism, and primitive American art influenced the Abstract Expressionist new style.

Images that Injure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Images that Injure - Essay Example For the inclusion of the disable to a school environment then the following factors has to be in place: assessment of all parts of physical education, educators to identify how to modify, adapt, and create of lesson plans that are engaging and lastly, put up a belief that disable children are effective in a community. The effectiveness of the disable is evident in the movie at first sight when Vigril a blind man can find his way to town on his own with ease, he also gives a massage to Amy and she is so pleased. The inclusion of disabled children to the environment helps other children in understanding and appreciating them. There is also the bridge of a special-need child in the mainstream classes, as it creates the best learning and a favorable environment as both the disable children and their counterparts spend time together, share same resources and receive individual treatment from their educators. The disabled also fins away to tackle their challenges, which help them, improve in academics, self-esteem and social

English lesson 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English lesson 6 - Essay Example This is the reason for the argument by some scholars against the attainment of human longevity, because they acknowledge the inability to resolve diseases, which eventually cause death. Even so, as humans further research on longevity, they tend to move closer to achieving immortality. But because of the immature and unwise reasons for immortality, the author discredits it, citing the unpreparedness of humans to handle the associated challenges. As such, the author uses figurative language, repetition and irony to appeal to the reader’s pathos by arousing fear, doubt and disapproval on the attainability and attractiveness of immortality. This emotionally appeals to the reader’s appreciation of significant human longevity as having limits and not necessarily being a good thing. McCarthy extensively uses figurative language to appeal to the readers’ fear by suggesting that immortality is dangerous to human life. The author uses metaphorical comparison of â€Å"a h ighway of immortality† to instill fear of immortality to the reader (McCarthy 544). Highways are known to be wider and smoother than other roads, prompting reckless driving that poses the danger of crashes and subsequent injuries or loss of lives. In the same way, McCarthy considers immortality as a hurried idea which poses dangers to humans. Instead of improving on the quality of human life, it could end up destroying it. In fact, by comparing it to a kind of life that does not have â€Å"a weigh station of wisdom,† McCarthy (544) argues on the immaturity of the idea of immortality. Normally, weigh stations are meant to check on the vehicles transporting cargo to ensure that transporters abide by the set load limits so as to avoid damaging the roads. Thus, the use of this figurative language in this context suggests the recklessness in the pursuit of immortality without appropriate checks, which in turn exposes humans to the associated dangers. The author’s choi ce of examples enables her to sample similes that arouse disgust on immortality among the readers. The example of Steven Austad’s comparison of humans to an object, specifically a car, suggests that immortality would cause humans to lose their humanness and in turn be objectified (McCarthy 546). In order to keep a car on the move, the older worn-out parts need to be replaced with newer and more effective ones. In a similar way, in order to keep humans alive forever, their aged body parts would be replaced with fresher ones. Even though scientists are already replacing parts of human body so as to achieve healthier lives, the simplicity of replacement that this figurative language exhibits makes this argument doubtable and unreal; it makes it sound disrespectful to humanity. It portrays humans as simple objects that could be fixed as simply as a car would. This comparison that objectifies humans, likening them to a car, would most likely disgust the reader. This will subsequen tly portray immortality as an aspect that would cost humans their humanness, hence portraying it as unattractive. Repetition of words has also been used in this essay to emphasize the argument on longevity having limits. When describing Dr. Leonard Hayflick’s view on significantly increased longevity, McCarthy notes that â€Å"it won’t happen, it can’t happen, and if it did happen it would be a bad thing† (546). Without being categorical on moderate human longevity, this negation repetition of the word,

1984 Quote Journal Essay Example for Free

1984 Quote Journal Essay On each landing, opposite the lift shaft, the poster with the enormous face gazed from the wall. It was one of those pictures which are so contrived that the eyes follow you about when you move. Big Brother Is Watching You, the caption beneath it ran. (Orwell 5) This quote is an example of how effective and convincing The Party can make a simple poster. The Party has put posters everywhere constantly reminding the Party members that they are being watched. Being watched played a major role in every Party members life in the book. Winston who was constantly scared of doing things, such as having a face of anxiety or not cheering with as much enthusiasm in the two minute hate. Everything that Winston did throughout the novel that he thought was not seen by the Thought Police was seen by them. Winston even tried to make sure that his diary was not bothered with so he sprinkled some powder on the corner of the book. That powder was carefully replaced as if it was the same as when it was first put there, by the Thought Police, that is how watchful and investigative the Thought Police is. The Thought Police are continuously spying on the Party members through the televisions, hidden microphones throughout Oceania, and spies of their own. The Party wants to keep an eye on their Party members to have control over them. They have no freedom. Winston cant even take a walk on a good day with out suspiciously being watched. Winston and Julia underestimate the power of the Party. Julia thinks that she has got the Party and Thought Police figured out. She believes that she can hide from the Thought Police. Yet when her and Winston think they have beaten the Party and were working and representing the real brotherhood. Though in the end they were the ones that were actually figured out, by the Thought Police. The Thought Police are actually watching, when least expected. The Party watches the people of Oceania as to control them. This quote basically shows that there is no freedom or privacy in Oceania. That people in Oceania live afraid to take a walk on a good day. All of this connects to the theme of the book. Orwell made the novel to show people what would happen in the future, or 1984, if the west turned into a totalitarianism government. This quote shows one of the dangers of the government controlling everything. He discovered that while he sat helplessly musing he had also been writing, as though by automatic action. And it was no longer in the same cramped awkward handwriting as before. His pen had slid voluptuously over the smooth paper, printing in large neat capitals-DOWN WIH BIG BROTHER (Orwell 19) The quote is an occurrence of what happens to Winston when he dazes off while writing in his diary. Since Winston wrote this, there is obviously a part of him that hates Big Brother. Of course Winston is afraid of what he has written. Because the Thought Police can catch someone even because of their thoughts. Since the dairy itself was already a risk now what he wrote was a risk. And even if he didnt write it just thinking about it was a risk. Why would he write this? The Winston that was writing this was his real conscious. His mind realizes that what the government does doesnt seem to be right. Like the constant watching. He notices that he had before been brainwashed to accept Big Brother. Though in the back of his mind he always knew that something wasnt right. And now his back thoughts have came forward by writing DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER.

Essay --

Health Care Models Analysis A 26 year old white female presented to her physician’s office complaining of chronic abdominal pain. The pain appeared to be more intense 30 minutes after eating. The patient reported no unusual bowel activity. The patient had a normal body temperature and blood pressure. The patient was of normal weight and height for her age and body structure. The patient underwent an abdominal ultrasound, Hepatobiliary Scan, Upper GI, Small Bowel Series, and an Upper and Lower Endoscopy. The lower endoscopy study revealed abnormal mucosal patterns and was suggestive of Celiac disease. The patient was then tested for Celiac disease and the results were positive. Celiac disease is the inflammation of the small bowel, particularly the upper small bowel resulting from a gluten sensitivity. The inflammation may lead to malabsorption of key nutrients such as iron, folic acid, calcium, and fat soluble vitamins. Symptoms can range from abdominal discomfort to diarrhea. In patients with the malabsorption issue, anemia or osteoporosis may be manifest. The main medi...

DITSCAP/ Orange Book Essay

The difference between the Orange Book and the DITSCAP is that the Orange book depends on the information that comes from the computer software that are within the computer information systems for them to perform their tasks and to achieve their intended objectives. (Lee, 1999). On the other hand, DITSCAP gives a ground for assessing the security of the information systems that are within the organizations, business firms, individuals and other private firms that give support to the firm. However, DITSCAP is diminished in its efficiency due to lack of a combined certification and accreditation framework tool. When used alone, DITSCAPN can be a very tiring process to the user as it has numerous cross checks of the policies and the requirements. The complex and multiple information that exist between these diverse types of information hinder a person’s ability to understand, generate, and assemble and to give protection to the systems. (Lee, 1999). In other words, DISCAP gives the process that is to be used, the activities that are going to be undertaken, description of the activities to be undertaken as well as the type and method of the management structure that is going to be followed during the process of certification and accreditation of the information technology systems that help to give the necessary security to the computers. This process aims at ensuring that the security process that is used gives the best security to the computers throughout the lifecycle. The certification levels of the DITSCAP comprises of four phases where the first phase involves the definition of the process. This involves understanding the organization, the environment in which the organization is in and the architecture of the organization that helps to identify the type of the security that is required and the efforts that the organization is doing in order to achieve the accreditation. (Lee, 1999). The second phase, verification phase, involves an analysis of how the security systems have evolved or have been modified for them to comply with the System Security Authority Agreement. The organization uses SSAA to come up with a modified and binding agreement before there is any development on the system development or before making any change to the system. After the system accreditation, SSAA becomes the basis for the security configuration document. The third phase, validation phase ensures that there is a fully integrated information system as was earlier agreed on the SSAA. The fourth phase, post accreditation phase, gives the activities that are necessary for the continuity of the accredited information system to continue working in its computing environment and to face the challenges that the system may face in its entire life cycle. (Lee, 1999). The certification Levels relate to the graduations defined within the Orange Book in that the certification and accreditation process which are interrelated and which give feedback to the other earlier phases when it is necessary. (Wong and Yeung, 2009). Each of these phases has some of the activities that require to be undertaken. In addition each of the activity has a series of tasks that need to be undertaken depending on the requirements. Each of these tasks gives out the input which represents the type of information needed to complete a given task as well as the outputs which gives the product of the task or the information which may also serve as an input in other subsequent tasks. The certification and accreditation process has to be expanded in order to give more information about each of the stage and to ensure that the staff understand their role in the certification team. The value of the â€Å"Minimal Checklist† contained in Appendix 2 of the DITSCAP applications manual is that it establishes criteria to be used for certification and accreditation by giving a guide on the required efforts and other factors that are related to this system. Assurance is referred to as the confidence which the features of security, characteristics and the functions of these features give to enforce the security policy. The assurance can be established for the business, the components and systems of the security. Therefore, certification leads to the assurance of a certain system in relation to its environment whereas accreditation shows whether the impacts linked with the system are either weak, tolerable or if they cannot be accepted at all. (Wong and Yeung, 2009). References Lee, S. E. (1999). Essays About Computer Security. Cambridge. Wong, A. and Yeung, A. (2009). Network Infrastructure Security. Springer.

Comparing Two Perspectives of Management Essay

Management is the attainment of organisational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organising, leading and controlling organisational resources (Samson & Daft, 2009, p. 12). In essence, the final outcome of management is to achieve organisation goals and managers in various levels should achieve goals effectively and efficiently by intelligently utilizing financial, human and other resources in hand. The four skills which may assist managers to achieve these organisational goals are planning, organising, leading and controlling. Traditional vs. Modern Perspectives The practice of management can go back as far as 3000 BC. It developed over thousands of years from Traditional style of management to Modern today. Traditional Perspectives Traditional Perspectives includes (Samson & Daft, 2009): 1.Classical Perspectives – concentrates on making the organisations an efficient operating machine. 2.Humanistic Perspectives – emphases understanding human behaviour, needs and attitudes in the workplace. It has taken more consideration of behaviors, needs and attitudes as well as social interactions and group processes. *For the purpose of the report, I will not elaborate on each item mentioned above. Use Human Resources Perspective as an example. It suggests that Jobs should be designed to meet higher-level needs by allowing workers to use their full potential (Samson & Daft, 2009). This theory was initially supported by a ‘dairy farm’ view and further illustrated by the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and McGregor Theory X & Theory Y. It is my understanding that the theory suggests people generally perform better if they are given full rein to their imagination and creativity. This, in details, means: 1.People are given freedom to fulfill their desired physiological, safety, love/belonging, self-esteem and self-actualization (Maslow’s Hierarchy) needs and wants. They may not be satisfied with all five of them, but fulfillment in any of the above may somewhat increase productivity; 2.Management assumes that employees enjoy working and will seek responsibilities under working/learning process and does not believe in punishment to keep the employees in line. Instead, it believes that employees will exercise self-control if they’re committed (McGregor’s Theory Y). Toyota Motor Corporation is one of the world leading automobile producers and its philosophy is the famous ‘Toyota Way’. The two pillars are ‘Wisdom and Kaizen (improvement)’ and ‘respect for human nature’ (Saruta 2006). Without going into the full description of ‘Toyota Way’ philosophy, we will mainly discuss one component as an example: Improvement. The company motivates employees through a series of incentives, such as wage, on-job education, and progressive promotion. Hence it presents work as something interesting and worthwhile for worker’s self-motivation. In the Japanese operation, this philosophy helped the company achieved long working hours and concentrated labour. Unfortunately it hasn’t been working as successful in other countries. Does this mean the employees in other countries haven’t fulfilled any of their interests? Managers must understand that employees will be motivated by unmet needs; and that once a need is satisfied, it is no longer a motivator (Fisher 2009). There may be environmental factors the management did not consider. Cultural difference for instance may affect the effectiveness of this philosophy. Being in a country with a generous welfare system like Australia, people’s desire for a balanced work/social life style is much stronger than financial achievement. In this instance, Toyota management in other counties should realise the differences in worker’s needs and present other incentives accordingly. Modern Perspectives Modern Management Trend is developed to collaborate with the more complicated technologies, organisational environment and unforeseeable uncertainties in today’s world. Modern Management Theories are focused on how individuals contribute to organisation and corporate performance while the performance of the chief executive is dictated by the organisation’s financial returns and shareholders’ expectations (Weymes 2004). The three major contemporary extensions of the perspectives (Samson & Daft, 2009): 1.System Theory; 2.Contingency View; 3.Total Quality Management. *For the purpose of the report, I will not elaborate on each item mentioned above. Use Contingency View as an example. This theory is an extension of the humanistic perspective in which the successful resolution of organisational problems is thought to depend on management’s identification of key variables in the situation at hand (Samson & Daft, 2009). It believes there is no universal approach that works consistently in every situation. Management should always consider aspects within and outside the organisation and utilise various concepts and techniques appropriately. Looking at this theory from a horizontal angle, Knootz (1981) has simplified it into ordinary words, ‘there is science and there is art, there is knowledge and there is practice. One does not need much experience to understand that a corner grocery store could hardly be organised like General Motors, or that the technical realities of petroleum exploration, production, and refining make impracticable autonomously organised product divisions for gasoline, jet fuel, or lubricating oils’. Different organisations have different variables which determine the size of the company, the management hierarchy, the service procedure and so forth. Looking at it from a vertical angle, an organisation may have diversified subsystems and external affiliates. Today’s managers cannot afford to ignore the uncertainties evolved around these elements. Grandori (1984) noted a decision maker needs to classify the state of uncertainty that characterises a decision situation, eliminate the strategies that are not feasible in that situation, and select a feasible strategy. To realise the contingency approach its potential as an effective construct for maintaining and improving managerial effectiveness in a hyper dynamic environment, its development must proceed in a systematic unified and directed manner (Luthans & Stewart, 1977). IKEA, as an example, is the world’s most successful mass-market retailer, reaching 33 countries and hosting 410 million shoppers a year; the furniture is made by about 1,500 suppliers in more than 50 countries. Its signature feature is the flat packed product that customers assemble at home. To target the dramatic technology development in 21st century, the company introduced online shopping to address convenience and traceability. The company designs its own, and also broadens the product mix into food and general living supplies (â€Å"IKEA Company Profile†, n.d.). Investment risks can be sufficiently minimised, and it is best described by the old adage â€Å"never put all your eggs in one basket†. Traditionally, a showroom with a team of salesmen and delivery truck drivers is the focal point of a typical furniture retailer. Globalisation and widely spread use of internet will eventually force them out of the market. IKEA tackled these issues from supply-chain, customer satisfaction and diversification of investment risks. It further demonstrates the contingency approach is used to sustain IKEA’s completive edge in all time. Although these strategies may not be suitable in 10 years time, contingency view will always exert management to evaluation situation at hand and make decision accordingly to sustain performance. Conclusion Generally speaking, the traditional perspectives of management tend to standardise a managerial approach across the board by analysing one particular scenario with a number of assumptions. However, the modern perspectives recognise the uncertainties in reality and take many aspects into consideration of their decision making process. Contingency view is not a brand new theory that is completely different from the traditional perspectives. Whilst we are not suggesting the traditional perspectives are untrue, managers should be selective according to the situation at hand and use a combination of approaches to tackle from all angles. Management in the modern world is no longer a unitary practice; it is an art. Continuous education and professional development can only offer the mandatory knowledge. Real life experience and rational conduct at time is the key to successful management.

Free Essays on Gender Power And Difference

. People need not know a person too well, all they need to know is what there racial identity is, for without these small bits of information, the judger too feels at a loss of racial identity because there is no other ways of comparison in the average mind. â€Å" Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference†, written by Audre Lorde, talks about how humans see differences in extreme opposites, where as everything is beautiful or ugly, good or bad, positive or negative, this or that†¦no in betweens. If we allow things such as in betweens, then the boundaries of what is interpreted as good and bad have now been crossed, and we can no longer define what is and what isn’t. With the ways in which society has been raised, we would go crazy without a sense of self-identity, definition, classification. People have this need to be into the many divisions, sects of people that exist. Once we have our label, our place of belonging, we can then go on in our merry lives and pretend like we are having a good time. When in all reality, our label is nothing but a word, a prejudged view of some sort†¦this really is no sense of self, for there is no individuality left. Individuality is something everyone craves, b ut to be an individual is to stand out from your crowd, to step out of your safety net. â€Å"There must be some group of people who, through systematized oppres... Free Essays on Gender Power And Difference Free Essays on Gender Power And Difference In today’s society, we cannot recognize and appreciate who a person really is, because our minds are too busy questioning about racial identity; whether or not you pass, and how well you fulfill the standards, the requirements of that particular race. You cannot be seen as a beautiful, poetic woman, for this description is too bare for the average mind to simply accept, but add a little racial identification, â€Å"a beautiful, African-American, poetic woman†, and now everything will be okay. Now one can internally further their judgment based on these vital words. People need not know a person too well, all they need to know is what there racial identity is, for without these small bits of information, the judger too feels at a loss of racial identity because there is no other ways of comparison in the average mind. â€Å" Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference†, written by Audre Lorde, talks about how humans see differences in extreme opposites, where as everything is beautiful or ugly, good or bad, positive or negative, this or that†¦no in betweens. If we allow things such as in betweens, then the boundaries of what is interpreted as good and bad have now been crossed, and we can no longer define what is and what isn’t. With the ways in which society has been raised, we would go crazy without a sense of self-identity, definition, classification. People have this need to be into the many divisions, sects of people that exist. Once we have our label, our place of belonging, we can then go on in our merry lives and pretend like we are having a good time. When in all reality, our label is nothing but a word, a prejudged view of some sort†¦this really is no sense of self, for there is no individuality left. Individuality is something everyone craves, b ut to be an individual is to stand out from your crowd, to step out of your safety net. â€Å"There must be some group of people who, through systematized oppres...

Philosophy of Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Philosophy of Science - Essay Example Karl Popper on the other hand was the totalitarian and unadventurous proponent of positivism. Karl and Popper were the contemporaries and criticized each other’s work. The comparison on the philosophies of Kuhn and Popper following attributes are taken into consideration: 1. Differentiation between science and non science Popper opined that science is a method of trial and error. It is a method of assumption and refusal. Science is always accompanied by the group of scholars who check and criticize each other. The foundation of science is its rationality. The openness to criticism should be converted into the willingness of scientists to falsify their theory. Kuhn on the other hand differentiated science and non science through paradigms. Science takes place where there is a major paradigm and non science appears due to lack of dominant paradigm. Thus Kuhn talks about infantile science without a dominant paradigm and a normal science or matured science with a dominant paradigm . He took paradigm as a basic accomplishment which includes both theory and a very good application to the results of observations and experiments. It is very important to keep in mind that though Kuhn differentiated between science and non science through paradigms his differentiation was never based on objectivity. Karl Popper was against the confinement of science within faith and doctrine. Science follows the methods faithfully and these methods are objective. For Popper criticism is a necessary aspect for the scientific method of objectivity. The foundation of scientific rationality lies on the modernist project of reason, doubt, and criticism. To build this rationality science must be open to criticism and adapt critical attitude. Scientific knowledge according to him is snowballing. It is because of the positive approach of the scientists to go through falsification and they should be open to the criticism. According to Kuhn preconception and resistance seem to be the rule ra ther than the exception. He strongly believes that dogma is an essential part in mature science as the scientific paradigm is an open-ended achievement. It is necessary for the scientists to be assertive in their beliefs in paradigm. Then only they can further ensue to the puzzle solving task. 2. Criticism, Dogmatism and Faith Criticism is mandatory to science according to Popper whereas dogma is mandatory in mature science. Popper believes that faith in science is important one and one should stick on to the scientific methods. Kuhn believes that faith should be in scientific paradigm. Popper opines strongly that objectivity in science lies in scientific method. This opinion made Popper to use the concept of provisional knowledge. Scientific methods are enough to evaluate the merits of scientific theories because, as mentioned above objectivity lies in scientific method. This scientific method is paradigmatic for Kuhn. Objectivity is only feasible within the paradigm. Kuhn says tha t this scientific method is not able to evaluate the merits of scientific theories in an objective manner because scientific paradigms occur through extra-scientific factors. Scientific Revolution v/s Scientific progress Popper thinks that scientific progress happens through falsification. After going through falsification, the theory either stands true, or it is taken for granted as a provisional knowl

Navajo Weaving Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Navajo Weaving Art - Essay Example The Insect People flew up into the second world, guided through a hole in the sky by a cliff swallow. The second world was a barren world inhabited by Swallow People. They decided to stay anyway, but after 24 days, one of the Insect People made love to the wife of the Swallow People's chief. They were expelled to the third world; the white face of the wind told them of an opening. The third world was a barren world of Grasshopper People. Again, the Insect People were expelled for philandering after 24 days. The red face of the wind guided them to the hole to the fourth world. This world was inhabited by animals and Pueblos, with whom the Insect People coexisted peacefully. The gods made people in human form from ears of corn, different colors of corn becoming different tribes. The Insect People intermarried with them, and their descendants eventually looked fully human. In time, the men and women argued and decided to live apart. But both groups engaged in unnatural sex acts, and eve ntually the women were starving, so they got back together. The gods were displeased by their sins, though, and sent a wall of water upon them. The people noticed animals running and sent cicadas to investigate. They escaped the floodwaters by climbing into a fast-growing reed. Cicada dug an entrance into the fifth world, which was inhabited by grebes. The grebes said that people could have that world if they could survive plunging arrows into their heart. The cicadas met this challenge (they bear the scars on their sides still), and people live in the fifth world today. (Terzoulin) The Holy People marked their territories through the found mountains the put four sacred mountains in four different directions: Mt. Hesperus in the north, Mt. Blanca in the east, Mt. Taylor in the south, San Francisco Peaks in the west, which through their interaction with the Navajo people, shared with them the means and ways of doing everday activities in life, "in harmony" with Mother Earth. "The Dineh believe there are two classes of beings: the Earth People and the Holy People. The earth People are ordinary mortals, while the Holy People are spiritual beings that cannot be seen. Holy People are believed to aid or harm Earth People." (Explore the Navajo Nation) On the contrary, the temporal side, which is supported by several anthropologists, historians and artists proposes that the weaving was a skill acquired by the Navajo Didine (people) from their interraction with the Pueblo weavers during the mid-17th century. (Bernstein) Economic situations during the Navajo's transfer to Bosque Redondo at Fort Summer after Colonel Kit Carson induced an adoption of General Sherman of the US' "scorched death", which was then later called "The Navajo Threat", and their exposure to trade and tourists while having problems in earning salaries all contributed to the eventual change in their weaving culture and style. (Anderson) When the Navajo got rugged under the US, they experienced sudden

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History - Essay Example The civil rights movement can be considered to have been created by Martin Luther King Jr. due to his influence. After his death, there was a lack of similar leadership, though the inception of the civil rights movement meant that the minority races could stand for their own rights. This was illustrated by the Asian and Mexican communities who joined hands with the black community to fight for their freedom. Martin Luther King’s message of equality did not change. However, without his influence; there was nobody to carry on his push for equality in the United States. This led to the white community oppressing the minority communities and asserting their dominance. (Lansford 65) The only individual who ever came close to carry on Martin’s message and vision was civil rights activist Reverend Jesse Jackson. His attempt was based on establishing change in the United States, and he wanted to do that from the top, by becoming the president. He attempted to become president i n 1988, as he perceived being president would be the best way of being able to implement the vision embraced and conceptualized by Martin Luther King. A major barrier affected the mentality of minority groups, as there had never been a non-white US president. The Civil Rights movement had grown into an important factor due to the influence of Martin Luther King. ... Therefore, the Civil Rights movement has had a major influence in the development of the United States. Essay 2 Under the presidency of Richard Nixon in the 1960s, there was uproar in the ideologies that Nixon condoned in the American society. The most disputable factor was the abortion movement that resulted in abortion becoming legal in California in the 1960s. Another factor was America becoming part of the war in Vietnam, even when it was not necessary. These two factors created a counter-culture that was a rejection of the factors, represented or condoned by Nixon at the time. Counter-culture was the ideology in which individuals in the United States had developed distaste for the mannerisms and methodologies that Nixon implemented in the 1960s. It was the cause of the backlash at the time (Lansford 135). The domestic policies that Nixon used were deemed unacceptable; the major highlight being the legalization of abortion. In a society that was majority Christians and a good num ber catholic, the legalization of abortion in California was a factor that was simply unacceptable, because abortion is not acceptable in Christianity. Nixon based his decision as a measure of birth control and regulation of the American population. This was deemed unacceptable to the Christian fraternity as they considered it ‘Un-Godly’ for an individual to take the life of another individual. It created a huge uproar and dissatisfaction in the presidency of Nixon, and as a result, they were eager to remove him from office as he had decided to go against the wishes of the majority of the American population. In truth, Nixon needed to consider weighing up the options, the implications of creating and

History of Clubs Playing Foreign League Cups Essay

History of Clubs Playing Foreign League Cups - Essay Example Cardiff, one of the main welsh clubs have been in the FA Cup competitions all through. The most remarkable period for the club was in 1920s when they ended up as runners to Hunder field Town FC during the 1924 football league first division on goal differences. This was followed by two FA Cup finals in the year 1925 where they took on Sheffield United. The team's spirit for competing in the English FA Cup did not end there, in 1927, Cardiff took on Arsenal at the final and went on to emerge the winner of the cup. It become the first and only team ever to snatch the FA Cup out of England after the 1-0 win over finalists and English footfall giants Arsenal. The match had also caused much enthusiasm since it was the first game that BBC radio had ever broadcasted to the whole country. This win gave Cardiff much psyche to keep on participating in the FA Cup after other teams had withdrawn. Swansea City and Cardiff city are the only Welsh clubs that have participated at the high level of the English soccer. They both took part in the Country's FA Cup and Division One. During the 1914-1915 season competitions of Southern League, Cardiff finished in the third position. The league was however suspended following the out burst of the world War One. The club also finished fourth in their last season in the Southern League on some hostilities cessation, before it was promoted to football league second division as the most competitive club in Wales. The other southern league clubs later on formed the football league third division. Wrexham, another welsh club that has been in the English side, started their journey to join the English competitions back in 1905 when they beat Kidderminster Harrier and finished sixth in the Birmingham District league. It was... The researcher discusses the issue when some Welsh teams to take part in the English FA Cup. It is stated that during its creation the English league was named the football league. This was because it was meant to allow football teams from other countries in the United Kingdom to take part in the FA cup competitions. The teams started to take part in the FA cup after EUFA allowed clubs to play in the other countries league in early1900. Although the clubs were allowed to play in the English league they could not participate in the European Cup since any team must get the ticket to the league through its domestic league. This decision has hindered the teams from taking part in the European league for that time thus most of them withdrew from the English FA cup competitions and started to play the Welsh League instead for a chance to venture in the European cup. The FA Cup is one of the most competitive in England attracting teams in all levels including the English football super powe rs who have been taking part in all major competitions in the continent. The Welsh clubs, if therefore would win the FA cup in the country would have climbed to high level in the world of football thus get better chance to market themselves as well as the players. A winner of the FA cup meets the premiership champion in the community shield and also gets a direct entry into the European cup competitions. It is concluded that this provides the clubs the best chance to climb to lime light in football competition.

Measurements of Universal Health in Ethiopia

Measurements of Universal Health in Ethiopia TASK The UK Department for International Development (UK-DFID) has recently decided to allocate funds for establishing universal health coverage in low income countries. The Director of the Global Health Division of the UK-DFID invites you to submit a scoping report with a critical assessment of the type of indicators needed to evaluate and monitor universal health coverage in a low income country of your choice. Your report will be judged on the basis of the following criteria: Illustration and critical assessment of at least 5 relevant direct or indirect indicators (statistics), their sources and overall quality of data. The sources (online) and any other supporting references cited should be numbered either in the footnote or in the Bibliography at the end of the document. Use and reliability of those selected indicators for planning and programme interventions Potential country-specific barriers, where applicable, in implementing the universal health coverage Clarity of presentation, independent critical thinking and creativity One of the main aims of the UK department for international development is to promote the development and eradication of poverty through the establishment of Universal Global Health coverage in low in come countries. As a result this scoping report focuses on Ethiopia a low income region which has a history of high birth rates, famine, war and the second highest population in Africa (91million) [1]. The regions health care system as consequence is among one the poorest in Africa, making it an ideal region in assigning the types indictors needed to provide UGH [2]. In order to monitor and evaluate UGH it is important to firstly acknowledge that there is no one metric measurement or indicator of health, as health differs from one individual to another and as a outcome an average or optimum is often defined to monitor the overall health of the population [3]. The World Health Report 2013 has provided a widely used framework in order to successfully monitor UGH [4]. Figure 1 illustrates the framework which focuses on three main areas of health. Service coverage: the vital health care services that are needed, Financial coverage: Ability to acquire these services without financial difficulty and Population coverage: the number people that have access to these services. The indictors used in this report aim to cover these three dimensions while also being tailored specifically to Ethiopia’s health requirements. Table 1: Statistics adapted from WHO data repository [8] Population using improved drinking-water sources (%) Year Rural Urban 1990 4% 80% 2000 19% 87% 2011 39% 97% Adequate access to clean water is a basic human right and the seventh Millennium Development Goal [5]. Clean water is essential to ample quality of life and is used in a diverse range of fields from basic hydration, irrigation, sanitation to complex health care institutions such as hospitals making it a vital component of health [6]. This indicator is categorised into ether improved or unimproved source with improved sources indicating clean water. This classification makes it a simple indicator allowing identification of areas where safe water sources are abundant and areas that need improved water source access, perhaps through water aid programs. This indicator is particularly useful as it can show the range of human impacts on the quality of water through the presence of nitrate as well as compounds and bacteria which can indicate waterborne pathogens the common cause of disease. [7]. Data is provided through national household surveys, the demographic health surveys (DHS) and RA DW (Rapid assessment of drinking water quality project) which is carried out by both the WHO and UNICEF with the DHS often providing high quality statistics [4]. Table 1 illustrates that the percentage of improved water sources is disproportionate from 97% users in urban area in 2011 compared to just 39% in rural areas in 2011. This suggests that water sanitation programs should be focused in rural areas where there are less people using improved drinking sources. The results also illustrate that although there are far more users of improved sources in urban areas, the number of users in rural area over three decades have seen a greater increase from just 4% in 1990 to over 39% in 2011 which could be attribute to better surveying in these areas in recent times. The indicator however is a proxy to number of people that have access to clean water as it shows the percentage of users of improved sources and not the amount people that have access to safe drinking water, meaning some soci al-economic groups such as the isolated poor or elderly are not accounted for as they are less likely to have â€Å"access† to these improved sources [7]. The indictor is limited only showing percentages for rural and urban areas; an indication of sub-urban regions would provide are more in-depth analysis of overall water quality in the region. Recognition of which gender the improved water source is mainly being used by i.e. men, women or children is also unaccounted for which could be crucial indicator as children are highly impacted from waterborne pathogens [2]. Furthermore even though water is being used from an improved source, this water still needs to be obtained from larger sources leading to possible contamination during transportation or even storage invalidating the indicator. Guidelines presented by WHO for safe drinking water is also assumed constant over time by indictor limiting it accuracy [9], overall this indicator can provide an overview of water quality b ut accuracy of the indicator can be skewed to urban areas. The overall health of the population is often measured by life expectancy, this indicator is widely used and data regarding this indictor is readily available. Life expectancy is a longer term measure of health and an overall indication of health over the years. Life expectancy in Ethiopia has been improving over the years from around 55 years at birth in 2004 to 62 years in 2011[8]. It is an important indicator in reflecting the overall mortality of the population; this is helpful for the governmental as it illustrates the trend through time of the overall population and improvements in life expectancy can reflect better nutrition, hygiene and effective medical intervention within the nation [10]. However unless a comprehensive cohort/period life table is developed, life expectancy at birth assumes that health conditions remain constant throughout the lifespan of the individual, an inaccurate assumption given the higher mortality rates in the first year of life and lower mortality a t around middle age. Table 3: Data adapted from WHO, World Bank and DHS. [8], [10],[11] BCG among 1 year’s olds (%) [8] Under 5 mortality rate per 1000 births [10] Children Fully Immunised (%) [11] Year: 1980 0 240 N/A 2000 51% 146 14.3% 2011 80% 68 24% Vaccination is an essential component of health in many low-income countries with the fourth MDG main aim being the reduction of child morbidity and mortality [5]. Immunisation can help reduce mortality and usually is cost effective while also being an excellent indictor of the health among children. BCG is the best indicator of full immunisation coverage as the WHO states children can be classified full immunised once they have received a tuberculosis vaccination (BCG) [9] therefore a BCG indicator is vital in monitoring health of children. Table 3 illustrates the importance of BCG vaccination with the percentage of coverage improving over the years from no vaccination in 1980 to over 80% of 1 year olds having being immunised in 2012 suggesting an improvement in the protection of children against TB, this is further reinforced by the decline in under five mortality rate. The validity of the indictor can be backed up by it its correlation to under 5 mortality rate; Table 3 illustrate s a linear relationship in increasing immunisation and declining child mortality, showing the success of the indictor in monitoring UGH among children. However universal health through immunisation in reality is hindered by a delay in diagnosis of tuberculosis in Ethiopia which can exacerbate the disease [12], combined with the majority of children and citizens being concentrated in rural areas where there is no real means of transportation available to attend a hospital for vaccination, [2] making the indicator biased to people who can access vaccination facilities. The BCG indicator is effectively used in TB prevention, treatment and psychological suffering through basic programmes such as stop TB strategy programme [4]. Data provides estimations between the accurately reported immunisation figures by national authorities and those where data may present misleading figures [8]. This means the data may not be fully accurate as it is a estimation of actual and misclassified figures. However this indicator is vital for monitoring and guiding disease and eradication programmes and efforts in Ethiopia. Although BCG percentage shows a high coverage over tuberculosis it does to provide accurate analysis of UGH in terms of other diseases such as malaria. The percentage of full immunised children is a better indictor for UGH as it indicates children which are protected against all diseases. However only 24% of children are fully immunised which suggest that although 80% of children are immunised this is misleading as this 80% are only immunised against TB and not other deadly diseases. Although the WHO suggests children are not fully covered against diseases until they are immunised from TB, the immunisation of other diseases prior to the TB vaccination needs to be considered. Anaemia is defined as a condition which is characterised by low levels of haemoglobin in our blood, in the case of Ethiopia anaemia is a major concern with low come groups being among highest at risk [13]. This is an important indicator in children as anaemia is associated with impaired mental and physical development and increasing morbidity and mortality. This indicator is particularly helpful because it has allowed a number of preventions programmes to be put into place such as enhanced outreach Strategy and Targeted supplementary foods intervention programme which aim to improve nutrient in among children. More than 44% of population in 2011 is still anaemic with 21% percent of children having moderate anaemia illustrating the importance of this indicator in monitoring UGH in children and future programme intervention development. However this indicator is constraint to children limiting its capability, it is also misleading as there are also other factors related to anaemia such iron deficiency, and Vitamin A levels which this indictor does not account for providing inaccurate assessment [9]. Table 3: Indicators adapted from WHO, DHS and UN [8],[11],[14] Maternal Mortality Ratio MMR per 100,000 live births [8] Live Births Delivered at Health Facility (%) [11] Births attended by skilled heath Personnel (%) [15] Year: 1990 950 N/A NA 2005 700 5.3% 5.7% 2011 350 9.9% 10.0% Maternal mortality in Ethiopia is among the highest in the world and it is the biggest killer of women in Sub-Saharan Africa with the fifth MDG aiming for a reduction of 75% from 1990 to 2015 [5]. Maternal health is often measured by the maternal mortality ratio which is expected to be useful in indicating the deaths among women, the risk associated with pregnancy, monitoring achievement towards MDG 5 and the capacity of health systems within Ethiopia to provide effective health care [14]. Table 1 illustrates the maternal mortality ratio, illustrating initially that there is reduction in maternal morality in Ethiopia and an improvement over the years with some considerable progress towards MDG 5. However the MMR ratio does not take into consideration several key factors that can impact women during her pregnancy. The indictor is irrespective of the duration of pregnancy and also where the birth took place giving an inaccurate assumption how amount of mortalities. The relationship bet ween the MMR to percentages of live births that took place in health facility shows a poor correlation because although there has been a significant reduction in mortality from 1990 to 2011 this is misleading as only 9.9% of these births took place in adequate well equipped hospitals suggesting MMR should be higher. Measuring mortality is difficult and inaccurate as it is a ratio based on estimations between the total maternal deaths and total live births which does not account for women which have died during the pregnancy. The ratio also fails to show the factors which lead to high or low level of mortality which could prove vital to reducing mortality as an indication of this would allow a focus in future planning to reduce the MMR. Sources of data are varied with different methods being used to derive country estimates, with many rural areas having no data at all making results biased [14]. A more accurate indictor of UGH of maternal health is number of live births in health fac ilities and births attended by skills personal, both indictors show low percentages suggesting and poor health care service as an increase in number births at hospital and with better equipped personnel is likely to reduce maternal deaths. These two indictors also show why maternal death rates are so high as apposed just showing number of deaths. The MMR indictor used is not a reliable indictor of UGH among pregnant women and more focused indictors such one shown in table 3 are recommended for UGH. As stated in the introduction there is no one measure of universal health among a country, individual, or the world. Each indicator has it own weakness and strengths as illustrated above. All the indictors in this report have been chosen as they are most suited to Ethiopia and it requirements, this report suggests that some indictors i.e. Immunisation and percentage population using improved water sources may be better indictors than other such as life expectancy and maternal health in monitoring UGH. However any indictors used to monitor UGH should be chosen for future policy planning, MDG assessments and intervention schemes. Bibliography: 1: The World Bank, working for a world free of poverty. http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ethiopia (Accessed 15 February 2014). 2: Murray, J.S., Moonan, M. Recognizing the healthcare needs of Ethiopia’s children. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing 2012; 17(4):339-343. 10.1111/j.1744-6155.2012.00328.x (Accessed 15th February 2014). 3: Abraha, M.W., Nigatu, T.H. Modeling trends of health and health related indicators in Ethiopia (1995-2008): a time-series study. Health Research Policy and Systems 2009;7(1)1-17 http://www.health-policy-systems.com/content/7/1/29/abstract (Accessed 12 February 2014). 4: World Health Organization, research for universal health coverage: world health report 2013. The World Health organisation 2013. 5: United Nations Millennium Development Goals: We can end poverty http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ (Accessed 12 February 2014). 6: Onda, K., LoBuglio, J., Bartram, J. Global Access to Safe Water: Accounting for Water Quality and the Resulting Impact on MDG Progress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2012;9(3)880–894. 10.3390/ijerph9030880 (Accessed 12 February 2014). 7: Bain, R., Gundry, S., Wright, J., Yang, H., Pedley, S., Bartram, J.. Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the Millennium Development Goals: lessons from five countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2012;90(3),228–235. 8: The World Health Organisation, Global Health Observatory. http://www.who.int/gho/database/en/ (Accessed 15 February 2014). 9: Central Statistical Agency [Ethiopia] and ICF International. 2012. Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Calverton, Maryland, USA: Central Statistical Agency and ICF International. 10: The World Bank, Indicators. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator (Accessed 13 February 2014). 11: Demographic and Health Surveys, Country Quickstats. http://www.measuredhs.com/Where-We-Work/Country-Main.cfm?ctry_id=65c=EthiopiaCountry=Ethiopiacn=r=1 (Accessed 15th February 2014). 12: Demissie, M., Lindtjorn, B., Berhane, Y. Patient and health service delay in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in Ethiopia. BMC Public Health 2002; 2(1) 1-7 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/2/23/abstract (Accessed 13th February 2014). 13: Balarajan, Y., Ramakrishnan, U., Ozaltin, E., Shankar, A.H., Subramanian, S.V. Anaemia in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 2011;378(9809) 2123–2135 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62304-5 (Accessed 16Th February 2014). 14: The World Health Organisation, Indicator and measurement registry. http://apps.who.int/gho/indicatorregistry/App_Main/view_indicator.aspx?iid=26 (Accessed 19th February 2014). 15: UN Data, Statistics. http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=MDGf=seriesRowID:570 (Accessed 19 February 2014).